Assignment of Work Base Learning Essay Example for Free

Task of Work Base Learning Essay 1. Presentation. This task is to assess my job in the activity Im right now doing and upto what degree its been useful in my self-improvement. As I m as of now working in dismay sending industry (Shipping), I have picked this activity to complete my task of work base learning. It would be simpler for me to pick this activity to complete my instructive task as opposed to going chipping in work elsewhere. This will likewise influence my participation in current work place. 1.1 Company Profile- Reisa Freight Ltd. is a U.K. based organization occupied with import and fare exercises. As an organization we gracefully our administrations to purchasers, exporters and shippers for their universal transportation needs. Reisa cargo Ltd. goes about as a center man/operator working universally with specialists in a few nations. We handles trade from shippers or producers distribution center to purchasers stockroom not end clients. 1.2 Job Profile- The primary reason for my job is to arrange with clients, get ready important docs and coordination with back office or tasks for smooth action. This activity job requires effectiveness, precision and fulfillment in given time span. My activity is likewise engaged with coordination with aircrafts to guarantee pre-booked space for forthcoming load during the week. This keeps away from a minute ago issue. In short this work required a strong arranging and in-time execution. Additionally it requires understanding People at Work, including understanding others interests, inspirations and capability. To put it plainly, Developing and checking on associations with others (administrator, partners, colleagues, clients and providers and so on) including concurring separate jobs, duties, rights and desires booking freight space on transport, plane, train, or some other type of merchandise/payload transportation, course arranging, different documentation, send out pressing, protection, distribution center, assortment and conveyance transfer. 2. Primary Body- During my seven months of residency I have figured out how to increase fundamental abilities and what I required most. There are sure aptitudes which I have to improve and some others I have accomplished while working with Reisa cargo Ltd. I have talked about all these in following passages. 2.1 Skills that need a few turns of events. à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ Communication- Significant obstacle with me here the language. Being English as my second language I discover it as greatest obstacle to improve my correspondence expertise. There is significantly greater advancement since I began yet there is still part more to do to bring it upto a level where it is worthy as elevated requirement. à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ Decision-production I locate my self awkward while settling on significant choice which requires my independency. I have just gone through 7 months altogether as working individual. I would need to have more understanding of work to pick up my certain about dynamic. Some training in learning ability would help me which Im wanting to allow in the wake of completing my graduation. à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ Leadership- Being an un-experienced in past and all out 7 months of work experience I see significantly more to do with authority ability. Administration abilities require work understanding and a standard of instruction which I will increase after my examinations. à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ Analyzing- Being another representative in the field I see an absence of investigating aptitude to examine the circumstance and plan things as needs be. This makes me to be relied upon my seniors and old representatives. I for one imagine this would be created while the time went through with work and investing my amounts of energy to design it from the earliest starting point and executing it upto the end. In my activity profile I have been offered opportunity to investigate every shipment from the earliest starting point and go about as vital and in like manner. à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ Problem Solving- Because of the absence of dynamic, it legitimately influences my critical thinking aptitudes. As another worker I havent been offered opportunity to settle on choices of my own which will be given to me after a particular time went through with in the organization. Presently in light of the fact that I can't settle on choices I should depend on my seniors to give me guidelines in these kinds of circumstance which will prompt critical thinking legitimately from leaders at above post not me. 2.2 Skills scored most elevated with. à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ Planning- My activity profile requires a pre-arranged movement which is a base of administration responsibility to clients. First w learn in this business is to design things and afterward execute. The arranging doesnt give a hundred percent guarantee of wanted outcomes yet it prompts an approach to execute right thing and an opportune time. I for one feel that my activity obligations made me all around ok to manage arranging expertise. Its adding a bonus regularly to my expertise. à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ Monitoring- When the arranging has been made and executed second step comes to screen it on every single step. A break anyplace in the arranging chain may bomb the entire task. The motivation behind my observing is to deal with task and correct issues when and any place they come up. à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ Reviewing- Auditing the work ordinary gives me productivity and capability in my work. A gifted investigating gives a thought what should be finished. During the work I have discovered that assessing all our every day deeds gives us experience and likely results of following day and future. This likewise shows the exhibition improvement. à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ Prioritizing- As a specialist I figured out how to needs my work. Its a method of putting in a request of needs what requirements doing and when. This can be accomplished by Setting objectivise and objectives. Its a significant part of dynamic. In my work needs has significance as we should settle on choices rely upon the circumstances. For models in a circumstance where purchaser needs the entirety of his request with a few providers in once, however because of issue with space portion we may need to settle on own choice at some point to needs to specific requests or shipments. à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ Reporting- My activity profile is to fill in as an official. I have duties and direct answering to my seniors. I have to report all my everyday exercises that its justifiable and most significant is satisfactory. A satisfactory standard of work has been increased through the work understanding. à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ Motivating- Inspiration is need in each achievement. De-inspiration will prompt disappointment in the activity and work task. I have discovered that how to challenge my negative considerations. It encourages me to acknowledge prospects of my future. 3. Checking my self-level accomplished. Introduction Skills Competent Speaker-ready to converse with little gatherings of my companions yet a little apprehensively. Composed Skills-Good Creative-ready to utilize correlation, model, likenesses, representations, jargon and different devices. Authoritative/Planning Skills-Limited-can design and arrange my own opportunity to accomplish targets. Group working Skills-Good-Able to function admirably in a group of individuals and to play out various group jobs. 4. End There is Overall execution fulfillment inside the association and as perceived by senior level. Seven months of residency inside the firm was spent similarly as a student. This helped me to increase a great deal. Yet at the same time there is far to go and unmistakably more to accomplish what I thought previously. There is parcel more certainty required while taking the important choices. An awkward circumstance consistently prompts lose either enormous or little. At present Im working with the assistance of other experienced staff which likewise de spurs me to take my own drive. Be that as it may, in closer future I trust in duties with an autonomous job. That will clearly assist me with gaining improved aptitudes and objectives. For at some point I have had a free thought of the objectives I might want to accomplish in the short to medium term. Since I have set my self a cutoff time Im sure and guaranteed to accomplish that. Anyway I might want to improve my self-assurance increment my inspiration to accomplish the most out of my work. I might want to dispense with the demeanor that keeps me down and cause bothers to it lastly despondency. I might want to expand my pride and fulfillment in my accomplishments favorable circumstances of objective settings. I might want to expand my fearlessness from the present level and perform better in every aspect of my works.

Internet Cafes Essay Example for Free

Web Cafes Essay Inside a couple of months China will surpass America as the nation with the universes biggest number of web clients. In any event, when you factor in (incorporate s/t as an applicable component when settling on a choice) Chinas size and its amazing pace of GDP development, this will be a noteworthy accomplishment for what stays a poor economy. For as far back as three years China has additionally been the universes biggest exporter of data and correspondences innovation (ICT). It as of now has a similar number of cell phone clients (500m) as the entire of Europe. China is in no way, shape or form the main developing economy where new innovation is by and large energetically grasped. In frantic (quick and fiery) Mumbai, everybody is by all accounts chattering (talk quickly and energetically) relentless on their cell phones: as per Indias telecoms controller, half of every single urban tenant have versatile or fixed-phone memberships and the number is developing by 8m per month. The India of web cafã ©s and web head honchos delivers more building graduates than America, makes programming for dashing vehicles and stream motors and is one of the main four pharmaceutical makers on the planet. In an alternate sign of mechanical advancement, the countrys biggest private undertaking, Tata, as of late divulged the â€Å"one lakh car†; valued at what might be compared to $2,500, it is the universes least expensive. In the mean time, in Africa, individuals who live in mud hovels utilize cell phones to follow through on bills or to check fish costs and locate the best market for their catch. However this image of developing business sector technarcadia (perfect techno heaven) is gave a false representation of (neglect to give a genuine idea) by equal records of wretchedness and ineptitude. A year ago ants ate the hard drive of a picture taker in Thailand. A week ago web utilization from Cairo to Kolkata was upset after somethingâ€probably an earthquakeâ€sliced through two undersea links. PCs have spread gradually in most developing economies: seventy five percent of low-salary nations have less than 15 PCs for every 1,000 peopleâ€and a significant number of those PCs are gathering dust (1). Also, the feting (festivity) of noticeable innovation extends in rising economies is now and again untimely. Nicholas Negroponte, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has for quite some time been supporting a $100 PC, with most exhibition at the World Economic Forum in Davos two years prior. The PC should move through poor nations, spreading information and network all around (2). Be that as it may, the task is delayed, the PC doesn't work appropriately and one noticeable benefactor, Intel, aâ chipmaker, has pulled out. So how well are rising economies utilizing new innovation, truly? Until now, decisions have must be founded to a great extent on stories. Presently the World Bank has enhanced the preview proof with increasingly thorough measures.

Not Utopia

Not Utopia Minimalism will not solve all our problems. Unfortunately, we often believe that the goal of simple living is to own as few things as possibleâ€"to declutter our homes, organize our lives, and clear our minds. Once we do this, well each find our own private utopia and bask in the glory of our newfound happiness, right? Not exactly. Real life doesnt work this way. Minimalism is not the end game.  Chucking material possessions does not necessarily equate to happiness. You could get rid of all your stuff and still be miserable. Removing the excess will, however, help you discover what does in fact bring you joyâ€"experiences, people, passionsâ€"because its much easier to find the path once the debris is cleared. Simplifying may never usher you to your utopia. Even the simple life has its moments of tedium and drudgery and sadness and pain. But letting go can lead to a better life, one thats worth more than any shiny object. You can start small, but its worth getting started today. Read this essay and 150 others in our new book, Essential. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Descriptive Essay - Original Song Of My Life - 1322 Words

Feet dragging through a magically soft and grainy mixture, ankles experiencing the rush of a gentle ebb and flow, fingers weaving through the delicate yet power-bearing wind, it was a beautiful sensation that fit the cleanliness of the crisp air. A gentle swish of the wind whispers across my skin, contrasting harshly with the grating sound of barking in the distance that ground beneath the edges of my jaw. Large, white, noisy birds made sounds that rather resembled cackling. Children’s laughter flooded the air along with those of their parents. The sun shone lightly down upon the earth, but the dark clouds on the horizon and the chill in the breeze told me it wouldn’t remain sunny. A crashing and a special roaring breathed life and is†¦show more content†¦The water became infused with my blood and my stomach sank: who knows what was out here. The lake was absolutely huge and terribly deep. The sunlight had completely vanished by leaving the sky full of dark c louds: at least that’s what it looked like, with me now drowning and all. I stretch my arms above, reaching for the fading light streaming through with a strong desire. Cool strength engulfing me completely. It withholds me from the strength of the wind and the sun. A persistent, but rather dull roaring pulsed in my ears. My hair glides, following my movements, but moreso those of the cool strength. The muscles in my thighs tense as I strain to reach the light. All around tiny slippery figures dart over and momentarily press against my body: as if they are inquiring my presence, as if they know I do not belong. My fingertips are so close, they strain to reach the top and feel the breeze. My feet push against the water strenuously in a desperate attempt to help me escape from this dark constrictive prison. Nothing worked though; my lungs burned with a fire and my head stung immensely, I couldn’t escape. Instantaneously and out of nowhere a mysterious projectile slammed into the water and shattered the deceptively calm surface as it hurtled past me. My upwards striving limbs immediately retracted and I curled in on myself. Then it hit me; the projectile had been a bullet. I was being shot at! I hadn’t thought that his loathing for me had turned thisShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Desert Rose Essay examples1206 Words   |  5 PagesFor my analysis essay, I chose the song Desert Rose written and performed by Sting. Cheb Mami also wrote and performed the Arabic part of the song. The genre of the song is pop and â€Å"Desert Rose† was released in 1999 but it was well known around 2000 due to its music video which was used in a Jaguar auto mobile commercial. I chose this song because Sting and Cheb Mami speak of longing and desire which is what every human being feels at some point in their lives. 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The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage. Allusion – A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, placeRead MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 PagesHistory and Class Consciousness Preface THE collection and publication of these essays in book form is not intended to give them a greater importance as a whole than would be due to each individually. For the most part they are attempts, arising out of actual work for the party, to clarify the theoretical problems of the revolutionary movement in the mind ,of the author and his readers. The exceptions to this are the two essays Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat and Towards a Methodology

How I Should Spend Your Life - 981 Words

The most inevitable truth in this life is that time never stops and soon I will be just another box in the ground. This is in no way cynical or dark, it is simply the cold, hard truth about life, of which I have accepted with peace. Henceforth, as I am growing older, I am starting to make observations of time and how important it is in my everyday life. I have learned that time is going by faster and faster with every passing night. This has made me take in to consideration how I should be spending the time I have left. I have spent 2,688 hours trying to improve myself as a writer since the beginning of the semester. That is the amount of time that has gone by since I realized how much writing truly meant to me. I decided to start doing†¦show more content†¦In my entire life, I have never learned so many new things and opened up my perspective on the world as I know it. Being able to watch a story unravel within a culture unknown to me was inspiring and created an uprising o f ideas inside my head. Everything from the Lakota characteristics to the love shared between two cultures with very different views. It caused me to think about aspects of my life in a brand new way. This caused the writing experiences to be much simpler when putting them on a page. Thinking in new ways caused me to write in new ways, which helped my growth as a writer more than I thought it would. On the other hand, this semester had its fair share of bad experiences as well. My least successful experience of the semester was the eight page paper written on mental health in America. This paper was meant to exude understanding and compassion while still being informational. However, after reading it a few more times, it sounded quite boring and very emotionless. Despite the use of a personal interview, the paper was merely informational. I wanted my voice to stand up for those people who struggle with mental illness. I wanted it to be different from just a research paper. I wanted the reader to know me through my empathy. Nonetheless, it was none of those things and if I could go back and change the tone of the essay, I would Thinking and writing are directly correlated with one another. For me, the

In-Work Benefits and the Nordic Model Free Essays

Abstract Welfare bene†¦ts in the Nordic countries are often tied to employment. We argue that this is one of the factors behind the success of the Nordic model, where a comprehensive welfare state is associated with high employment. In a general equilibrium setting, the underlining mechanism works through wage moderation and job creation. We will write a custom essay sample on In-Work Benefits and the Nordic Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now The bene†¦ts make it more important to hold a job, thus lower wages will be accepted, and more jobs created. Moreover, we show that the incentive to acquire higher education improves, further boosting employment in the long run. These positive e ¤ects help counteracting the negative impact of taxation. JEL codes: H24, J21, J24 Keywords: Nordic model, in-work bene†¦ts, wage adjustment, unemployment, education, skill formation, earnings 1 Introduction A prominent feature of the so-called Nordic model is a comprehensive welfare state †¦nanced by taxes on labor. In fact, the public sector in many We want to thank Torben Andersen, Martin Floden, Richard Freeman, Mathias Herzing, Eddie Lazear, Ethienne Lehman, Bruno van Linden, and participants at the Conference on the Economics of the Nordic Model. y Department of Economics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Ph. +46 8 163547. Fax +46 8 161425, E-mail address: ann-so†¦e. kolm@ne. su. se z Economics Division, University of Southampton, UK; Economics Department, UniCredit Universities Fellow, Central European University, Budapest; and IZA, Bonn. Email address: m. tonin@soton. ac. uk 1 of the Nordic countries is responsible for the distribution and allocation of resources amounting to more than half of their country’ GDP (Eurostat, s 2012). With an emphasis on redistributional transfers and service provision †¦nanced by taxes on labor, a concern with the model is, of course, that it induces weak incentives to work. In a more long term perspective, such a system may also reduce incentives to acquire skills, with a negative impact on future pproduactivity and labor market outcomes. However, external observers are often surprised that the Nordic countries manage to combine low unemployment and high labor force participation with high taxes and generous welfare arrangements. So, how is this possible? One answer to this question is that many of the welfare arrangements in the Nordic countries are closely tied to market work. The generosity of the bene†¦ts are, in general, related to earnings. In addition, eligibility to a number of bene†¦ts and social services is conditional on employment. Subsidized childcare, for example, is, in principle, only available to employed workers. Also, some generous elements of the paid paren’tal leave schemes are only accessible to employed workers. In addition, the more recently introduced earned income tax credit is by de†¦nition exclusively targeted to employed workers. The idea is that these bene†¦ts, by increasing the returns from working, increase the supply of labor. The observation that the Nordic countries have sustained high economic aactivity because bene†¦ts are closely tied to market work is not new. In fact this was noted as a contributing factor to the high participation rate observed in Sweden when a group of NBER economists studied the Swedish welfare state in the mid 1990s (see Freeman et al. , 1997). This was also an important message in the discussion on the prospects and challenges of the Scandinavian model in Andersen (2008). The starting point for this paper is that entitlement to many of the bene†¦ts available in the Nordic countries is conditional on employment. As discussed above, this tends to increase the gains from working, which encourages labor supply. However, we argue that this is not the end of the story. To investigate the full impact of welfare state arrangements of this type, one needs to account for the general equilibrium e ¤ects. This is particularly relevant because many bene†¦ts have been available to the whole population for a long period of time. Clearly, to investigate the e ¤ects of these bene†¦ts on employment, which is an equilibrium outcome, both supply-side and demand-side factors must be iincluded in the analysis. Moreover, beside considering the equilibrium outcome for the existing workforce, it is important to account 2 or the impact of these bene†¦ts on incentives to acquire skills. The equilibrium composition of the workforce in terms of educational attainment is a crucial variable for the sustainability of the Nordic model, both in terms of its growth potential and international competitiveness (Andersen, 2008) and in terms of the political support for the welfare state (Hassler et al. , 2003). To carry out such an analysis, we develop a simple model of a non-clearing labor market featuring involuntary unemployment as an equilibrium outcome. Labor force participation is also endogenously determined. Moreover, individuals di ¤er in their ability to acquire education and choose educational attainments based on a cost-bene†¦t analysis. In particular, we focus on the choice between proceeding to higher, i. e. tertiary, education or not. The aim is to investigate the implications of bene†¦ts that are conditional on work on unemployment and labor force participation, accounting for their long term impact on educational attainments. We show that bene†¦ts available only to employed workers moderate wages, reduce unemployment rates, and increase labor force participation and employment. Moreover, one could expect that welfare bene†¦ts, even if conditional on work, could induce an outright reduction in education as they represent an important subsidy for low skilled workers. What we †¦nd instead is that the incentives to proceed to higher education are actually strengthened. This is a consequence of the relatively sthronger increase in labor market opportunities for highly educated workers that follow when wages are moderated. Wages, in turn, fall because workers are more willing to accept lower wages when bene†¦ts are conditional on work and thus the value of having a job is higher. Lower wages increase job creation and lower the unemployment rate. Thus, total employment increases for three sets of reasons. First, the bene†¦ts reduce the unemployment rate for workers at all educational levels. Second, more workers choose to proceed to higher education where expected unemployment spells are shorter. Third, as labor force participation increases with the bene†¦ts, a larger share of the population will be employed. We also look at the impact of bene†¦ts when they are †¦nanced through a proportional tax on wages. Taxation actually reinforces wage moderation and, as such, does not overrule that bene†¦ts reduce wages, increase job creation, and reduce unemployment rates. However, it weakens the incentives to acquire higher education and participate in the labor force, thus inducing a counteracting e ¤ect on educational attainment and labor force participation. The element of the Nordic model that this paper underlines is the wage moderation stemming from bene†¦ts conditional on work. Also, we †¦nd this 3 mechanism to be very robust to the choice of model. Moreover, looking at bene†¦ts through this channel highlights how they have a positive impact on educational attainment and participation, thus counteracting, at least partly, the negative e ¤ect that taxation has on skill acquisition and labor force participation. The analytical results are followed up with a numerical example illustrating the e ¤ects of the bene†¦ts on labor market performance and educational attainment. The simulations indicate that bene†¦ts can have an important impact on unemployment for both low- and high- skilled. Without distortinary taxation, bene†¦ts also have a positive impact on skill acquisition, thus further reducing overall unemployment in the long run. When †¦nancing through proportional taxation on wages is iincluded in the model, the negative e ¤ect of taxation on educational attainment dominates the positive e ¤ect of bene†¦ts, thus resulting in a decrease in the share of the workforce acquiring tertiary education. Nonetheless, bene†¦ts still have a positive overall impact on unemployment. Considering the previous literature, there are a number of studies that have tried to explain why the Nordic countries have performed so well despite high taxes and generous welfare arrangements. As mentioned, some of these studies have emphasized the importance of that bene†¦ts are tied to market work for the successful outcome in terms of employment and participation (see Aronsson and Walker, 1997). A related view is provided by Rogerson (2007). He argues that the governments’spending pattern in the Scandinavian countries, compared to other high tax countries, can potentially explain the large number of aggregate work hours observed in these countries. He shows, holding tax rates constant, that it matters if the revenue is spent on disability payments which may only be received when an individual does not work or subsidies for day care for working mothers. The reason is that childcare subsidies create jobs. Our study also †¦nds that how the government choose to spend tax revenues matters for labor market performance, although for a di ¤erent reason. In contrast to Rogerson (2007), our results materialize through general equilibrium e ¤ects working through wage moderation. There is also a large number of studies focusing on particular features of the welfare state in the Nordic countries, looking for instance at the impact of childcare subsidies and paid paren’tal leave schemes on labor supply and a number of other outcome variables. 1 In contrast to our study, this literature How to cite In-Work Benefits and the Nordic Model, Papers

In-Work Benefits and the Nordic Model Free Essays

Abstract Welfare bene†¦ts in the Nordic countries are often tied to employment. We argue that this is one of the factors behind the success of the Nordic model, where a comprehensive welfare state is associated with high employment. In a general equilibrium setting, the underlining mechanism works through wage moderation and job creation. We will write a custom essay sample on In-Work Benefits and the Nordic Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now The bene†¦ts make it more important to hold a job, thus lower wages will be accepted, and more jobs created. Moreover, we show that the incentive to acquire higher education improves, further boosting employment in the long run. These positive e ¤ects help counteracting the negative impact of taxation. JEL codes: H24, J21, J24 Keywords: Nordic model, in-work bene†¦ts, wage adjustment, unemployment, education, skill formation, earnings 1 Introduction A prominent feature of the so-called Nordic model is a comprehensive welfare state †¦nanced by taxes on labor. In fact, the public sector in many We want to thank Torben Andersen, Martin Floden, Richard Freeman, Mathias Herzing, Eddie Lazear, Ethienne Lehman, Bruno van Linden, and participants at the Conference on the Economics of the Nordic Model. y Department of Economics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Ph. +46 8 163547. Fax +46 8 161425, E-mail address: ann-so†¦e. kolm@ne. su. se z Economics Division, University of Southampton, UK; Economics Department, UniCredit Universities Fellow, Central European University, Budapest; and IZA, Bonn. Email address: m. tonin@soton. ac. uk 1 of the Nordic countries is responsible for the distribution and allocation of resources amounting to more than half of their country’ GDP (Eurostat, s 2012). With an emphasis on redistributional transfers and service provision †¦nanced by taxes on labor, a concern with the model is, of course, that it induces weak incentives to work. In a more long term perspective, such a system may also reduce incentives to acquire skills, with a negative impact on future pproduactivity and labor market outcomes. However, external observers are often surprised that the Nordic countries manage to combine low unemployment and high labor force participation with high taxes and generous welfare arrangements. So, how is this possible? One answer to this question is that many of the welfare arrangements in the Nordic countries are closely tied to market work. The generosity of the bene†¦ts are, in general, related to earnings. In addition, eligibility to a number of bene†¦ts and social services is conditional on employment. Subsidized childcare, for example, is, in principle, only available to employed workers. Also, some generous elements of the paid paren’tal leave schemes are only accessible to employed workers. In addition, the more recently introduced earned income tax credit is by de†¦nition exclusively targeted to employed workers. The idea is that these bene†¦ts, by increasing the returns from working, increase the supply of labor. The observation that the Nordic countries have sustained high economic aactivity because bene†¦ts are closely tied to market work is not new. In fact this was noted as a contributing factor to the high participation rate observed in Sweden when a group of NBER economists studied the Swedish welfare state in the mid 1990s (see Freeman et al. , 1997). This was also an important message in the discussion on the prospects and challenges of the Scandinavian model in Andersen (2008). The starting point for this paper is that entitlement to many of the bene†¦ts available in the Nordic countries is conditional on employment. As discussed above, this tends to increase the gains from working, which encourages labor supply. However, we argue that this is not the end of the story. To investigate the full impact of welfare state arrangements of this type, one needs to account for the general equilibrium e ¤ects. This is particularly relevant because many bene†¦ts have been available to the whole population for a long period of time. Clearly, to investigate the e ¤ects of these bene†¦ts on employment, which is an equilibrium outcome, both supply-side and demand-side factors must be iincluded in the analysis. Moreover, beside considering the equilibrium outcome for the existing workforce, it is important to account 2 or the impact of these bene†¦ts on incentives to acquire skills. The equilibrium composition of the workforce in terms of educational attainment is a crucial variable for the sustainability of the Nordic model, both in terms of its growth potential and international competitiveness (Andersen, 2008) and in terms of the political support for the welfare state (Hassler et al. , 2003). To carry out such an analysis, we develop a simple model of a non-clearing labor market featuring involuntary unemployment as an equilibrium outcome. Labor force participation is also endogenously determined. Moreover, individuals di ¤er in their ability to acquire education and choose educational attainments based on a cost-bene†¦t analysis. In particular, we focus on the choice between proceeding to higher, i. e. tertiary, education or not. The aim is to investigate the implications of bene†¦ts that are conditional on work on unemployment and labor force participation, accounting for their long term impact on educational attainments. We show that bene†¦ts available only to employed workers moderate wages, reduce unemployment rates, and increase labor force participation and employment. Moreover, one could expect that welfare bene†¦ts, even if conditional on work, could induce an outright reduction in education as they represent an important subsidy for low skilled workers. What we †¦nd instead is that the incentives to proceed to higher education are actually strengthened. This is a consequence of the relatively sthronger increase in labor market opportunities for highly educated workers that follow when wages are moderated. Wages, in turn, fall because workers are more willing to accept lower wages when bene†¦ts are conditional on work and thus the value of having a job is higher. Lower wages increase job creation and lower the unemployment rate. Thus, total employment increases for three sets of reasons. First, the bene†¦ts reduce the unemployment rate for workers at all educational levels. Second, more workers choose to proceed to higher education where expected unemployment spells are shorter. Third, as labor force participation increases with the bene†¦ts, a larger share of the population will be employed. We also look at the impact of bene†¦ts when they are †¦nanced through a proportional tax on wages. Taxation actually reinforces wage moderation and, as such, does not overrule that bene†¦ts reduce wages, increase job creation, and reduce unemployment rates. However, it weakens the incentives to acquire higher education and participate in the labor force, thus inducing a counteracting e ¤ect on educational attainment and labor force participation. The element of the Nordic model that this paper underlines is the wage moderation stemming from bene†¦ts conditional on work. Also, we †¦nd this 3 mechanism to be very robust to the choice of model. Moreover, looking at bene†¦ts through this channel highlights how they have a positive impact on educational attainment and participation, thus counteracting, at least partly, the negative e ¤ect that taxation has on skill acquisition and labor force participation. The analytical results are followed up with a numerical example illustrating the e ¤ects of the bene†¦ts on labor market performance and educational attainment. The simulations indicate that bene†¦ts can have an important impact on unemployment for both low- and high- skilled. Without distortinary taxation, bene†¦ts also have a positive impact on skill acquisition, thus further reducing overall unemployment in the long run. When †¦nancing through proportional taxation on wages is iincluded in the model, the negative e ¤ect of taxation on educational attainment dominates the positive e ¤ect of bene†¦ts, thus resulting in a decrease in the share of the workforce acquiring tertiary education. Nonetheless, bene†¦ts still have a positive overall impact on unemployment. Considering the previous literature, there are a number of studies that have tried to explain why the Nordic countries have performed so well despite high taxes and generous welfare arrangements. As mentioned, some of these studies have emphasized the importance of that bene†¦ts are tied to market work for the successful outcome in terms of employment and participation (see Aronsson and Walker, 1997). A related view is provided by Rogerson (2007). He argues that the governments’spending pattern in the Scandinavian countries, compared to other high tax countries, can potentially explain the large number of aggregate work hours observed in these countries. He shows, holding tax rates constant, that it matters if the revenue is spent on disability payments which may only be received when an individual does not work or subsidies for day care for working mothers. The reason is that childcare subsidies create jobs. Our study also †¦nds that how the government choose to spend tax revenues matters for labor market performance, although for a di ¤erent reason. In contrast to Rogerson (2007), our results materialize through general equilibrium e ¤ects working through wage moderation. There is also a large number of studies focusing on particular features of the welfare state in the Nordic countries, looking for instance at the impact of childcare subsidies and paid paren’tal leave schemes on labor supply and a number of other outcome variables. 1 In contrast to our study, this literature How to cite In-Work Benefits and the Nordic Model, Papers

Three Differences Between Men and Women free essay sample

They demanded the same rights and the same treatment men had, believing that they are both the same. But true equality cannot be achieved this way, owing to the fact that men and women are different. In fact the differences between men and women are various. They are biologically, culturally and socially different. The first difference between men and women is biological. Hamilton McCubbin and Barbara Blum Dahl (1985, P. 90) state that the two genders have different genetic structure. As females have two â€Å"X† chromosome, while males have one â€Å"X† and one â€Å"Y† chromosome. Researchers now are trying to find the connection between genetic and behavioral differences. Though it’s not possible at the moment to determine how differences in the genetic structure affect the behavior of men and women, we do know that the physical development is deeply affected by the genetic structure. Males are often more taller, heavier and more muscular than females. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Differences Between Men and Women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Women on the other hand can bear and nurse children while men cannot, which leas to the fact that women cannot do everything men can and vice versa and it would be unfair to say they can. Then comes the cultural difference, according to Hamilton McCubbin and Barbara Blum Dahl (1985, P. 192) scientists have also stated that gaining power is relative to sex-role distinctions. In early societies, men gained more power and prestige because of their role as hunters and warriors. So they were able to distribute food for the whole community and determine its social structure. On the other hand women were socially eliminated and their role was mainly domestic. Meanwhile, in societies where women are able to determine their economic well-being, they gain more power. The last difference is socially. Hamilton McCubbin and Barbara Blum Dahl (1985, P. 193) declare, â€Å"Social learning theory holds that children are awarded for conforming to their parent’s expectations and are punished for behavior that meets with disapproval† thus children feel obliged to act in a certain way to meet their parent’s expectations. Therefore we find males are ore interested in sports than art because that’s what society think is appropriate for males and in consequence that’s what their parents want them to do. So we can say that society has a big influence on determining sex roles in our community. In the end, we can say it’s unfair to treat men and women equally in all aspects due to their biological, cultural and social differences. I nstead to have true and fair equality we have to put in mind that they are different when dealing with their education and practical life. And also putting in mind that every rule has it’s exceptions.

The Tourism Industry Is A Complex System Tourism Essays

The Tourism Industry Is A Complex System Tourism Essays The Tourism Industry Is A Complex System Tourism Essay The Tourism Industry Is A Complex System Tourism Essay The touristry industry is a complex system where its necessary to look at all different sectors which are act uponing each other, to acquire a clear understanding how this system works. A helpful tool to utilize already theoretical accounts and theories, use them on different illustration and measure them. The person as a possible client has to be analysed and categorised, which is resulting a better apprehension of tourer behavior. Furthermore it helps to acknowledge their determination devising advancement for a finish, every bit good as acquiring cognition about their demands and outlook. This essay will demo the use of these theoretical accounts and theories on illustration of the Dominican Republic. Tourism can be defined as a combination of services and activities for people who travel to topographic points outside of their familiar milieus. The definition of a tourer is wide-ranging, because the intent of travel scopes from vacations, concern trips, and visits to friends and relations to assorted other grounds such as survey, faith, shopping and so on. More than an industry, it is instead like a system that sells packaged vacations, activities, attractive forces, adjustments, and amusement. It is offering the chance to interrupt away from normal life and bask leisure clip in different locations. Tourism usually does non supply merely one individual merchandise ; largely it is a bundling of assorted merchandises to fulfill the demand of the tourer. For illustration, person traveling on vacation to London would non simply consume one merchandise from one provider. It is more likely that he is using a bundle of services. He might get by plane, travel by bus/train to his hotel, di ne in a eating house, and take a sightseeing circuit. Due to the fact that about every touristry merchandise is interlinked, there is no proprietor or director with complete control of his ain fate ( Gunn A.C. 2002, p.243 ) . Additionally, other industries, such as the oil industry, are linked to the touristry industry. In recent old ages tourism become a portion of day-to-day life because people have more leisure clip than they used to hold 50 old ages ago and the position of the work-life balance has changed. Another of import point to reference is that the touristry industry is one of the largest in the universe and is making 1000000s of impermanent and lasting occupations. In 2006 the travel and touristry industry s per centum of the universe gross domestic merchandise was 10,3 % , with a turnover of US $ 6,477.2 billion. The industry supported 234 million occupations, 8.7 % of entire universe employment ( Cooper, et al 2006: 3 ) . This information represents the planetary importance and significance to the universe economic system. Tourism does non include merely the supply of hotels, beaches and travel bureaus but besides economical, environmental and socio-cultural impacts. These three countries are ever commingling and conflicting. There are people whom are merely interested in doing a net income, other people desiring to protect the environment, and yet another group of people concerned with the societal and cultural impacts of a tourer part. All three groups must accomplish a balance to enable sustainable touristry. This thought is shown on the undermentioned graphic: 3. Tourist typology and their execution to touristry theoretical accounts Stanley C. Plog One attack to understand tourer behavior is to place different types of people, whereupon they can be categorised into a series of organized psychographic types. In 1973 Stanley C. Plog created a theoretical account for the American population demoing how personal motive influences the determination for a holiday finish. He divided tourers into four types: allocentric, near-allocentric, mid-centric, and near-psychocentric/psychocentric. The allocentric type positions going as an chance to detect foreign civilizations and prefers alien finishs. They are self confident and unfastened for new experiences. The near-allocentric type is clean, seeks challenges and views the journey as a opportunity to prove a new life style. The mid-centric type looks for relaxation and pleasance in a well-known environment. They want to get away from the day-to-day modus operandi and enjoy comfy adjustment. The near-psychocentric and psychocentric types are focused on themselves and are scared to detect s omething new. These people tend to look for a safe topographic point to vacation. Their pick of finish will be a topographic point they know and where they are non that far off from their place metropolis ( Johnson A ; Thomas, 1992: 19 ) . Plog considered that there are merely a few psychocentric or allocentric types because the bulk of tourers are mid-centric. However, Plog s theoretical account is difficult to use in world. For illustration the Dominion Republic has a batch of organized mass touristry and it is possible to form a journey by yourself every bit good. Every tourer is an single, so they can non be generalized. One trip can hold a wholly different juncture and characteristic than the other 1 ( Cooper, 2008: 48 ) . Cohen s tourer typology Another theoretical account which classifies tourers is Cohen s tourer typology. He divides tourers into the organized mass tourer, the single mass tourer, the adventurer and the vagrant. Cohen explains that organized mass tourers are typically buying a ready-made bundle circuit where they have no or merely a small contact with the local people and remain most of the clip inside a resort. This is similar to Plog s psychocentrics` type. In Cohen s theory most of the tourers are single mass tourers. They are similar to the organized mass tourers, but they have more flexibleness and range for personal pick. They want to hold contact to the local people. This class is comparable to Plog s midcentric tourers and most tourers fall into this class. The 3rd tourer type is the adventurer, who organises the trip by himself and looks for something particular, something off from the typical involvements of a mass tourer. However, he is still interested in comfy adjustments. The last type, the v agrant, is wholly independent, wants to populate with local people and wants to take portion in the native civilization. Cohen s last two tourers theories, the adventurer and the vagrant, which are besides the minority in this industry, are similar to Plog s allocentric tourers. ( Cooper et Al, p.51 ) . 5. Demand for the creative activity of tourer typologies and their pattern on the illustration of the Dominican Republic The ground why we need these typologies for different tourers is to assist and to be able to develop touristry finishs. Expectations and demands from tourers on a perfect vacation can be identified, so the coveted service can be supplied. Equally shortly as we know the different motives for persons going to a peculiar finish, a specific tourer type is traveling to be targeted. This means that in illustration of the Dom. Rep. the organized mass tourers in the bulk, which are looking for a safe vacation, we know their behavior and cognize how to be after for them. Most of the resorts in Dom.Rep. are designed for this patronage and have been developed really fast during the last 20 old ages to fulfill the demand from tourers. At the first phase resorts were build for adventurer or vagrant, and since the creative activity of bundle touristry, a batch of single mass tourers came to this country. With the creative activity of all-inclusive , there is no demand for tourers to go forth the hotel. Because of look intoing the different desire of tourers and specify them, it was possible to develop this country ( National and regional touristry planning 1994, p.147 ) . 6. Doxey s Index: The socio-cultural impact of touristry The Doxey s Index describes the relationship between visitants and the visited. He developed a five phase theoretical account which describes the first measure as the approaching A?euphoriaA? when a little figure of tourers arrive therefore exciting the economic system and a big figure of new occupations are created. The following stairss are apathy and annoyance . At this phase local people get foremost used to tourers in their familiar milieus, and afterwards annoyed, because excessively many people are sing the finish. Antagonism and acceptance are the last stairss in this theory. Native people start to avoid tourers and at the last measure they accept them. Acceptance agencies, that they accept tourers in their usual life and bury how the country was before tourers arrived ( Cooper et Al, p.47 ) . Top precedence should be ever constructing better relationships between occupants and visitants, which improves societal life for both sides. In Punta Cana, where the proportion of tourers is high to the figure of occupants, cultural jobs occur because of different society outlooks ( National and regional touristry planning 1994, p.147 ) . While Punta Cana has grown within 20 old ages, the local community did non hold adequate clip to set to the high figure of tourers. The three theoretical accounts of Plog, Cohen and Doxey are coterminous whith each other because when the first visitants ( vagrant ) arrive at a finish, local people are euphoric. These tourers ( allocentric ) are non scared to detect new countries. In the midcentric are the explorer and the individual mass tourers . At this phase the community becomes apathetic and annoyed . The last measure is the organized mass tourer who belongs to the psychocentric and native people start to accept them. The relationship between the theoretical accounts is additive ( Cooper et Al, p.47 ) . 7. Butler s Tourism Area Lifecycle ( TALC ) The Tourism Area Lifecycle ( TALC ) is a well-known theoretical account Butler created to exemplify the moral force of a tourer -destination or -product through different phases. The graph describes a characteristic map due to the natural interrelatedness between the exposure and strength of touristry. It shows the evolutional procedure where every touristry merchandise is traveling through, which can assist director to happen a manner out in instance of a crisis or new developed finishs to set up themselves. Butler first phase is exploration , where little figure of visitants arrive in an undeveloped country. These people been identified as Plog s allocentric or Cohen s explorer type. After their trip they are responsible for Involvement , because they tell others about topographic point they been to ( Ryan 2003, p.269 ) . A undermentioned rise of the curve during the development phase is logical, because more tourers can be carried. Butler says that the figure of tourers lessening until the transporting capacity is reached, this is the consolidation phase. New development has to go on once more to rejuvenate, otherwise it would come to a diminution of visitants ( Butler 2006 ) . While developing new schemes is of import to look into the bing facts and dressed ore on the potencies the finish is already supplying. At this point it is necessary to do a determination. To develop this topographic point, to go forth the topographic point how it is and increase the monetary value or allow it worsen. Decline is the following phase of Butler s TALC. This happens if excessively many tourers are geting at a finish at the same clip and the capacity is excessively low. Visitor are disappointed and the figure of tourers will therefore start to fall. An option to avoid diminution is Rejuvenation . That means that the country has to be developed for illustration with new hotels and beaches. 8. The 5A s theoretical account The 5As theoretical account was helpful to rejuvenate the Dominican Republic when it had been reached the stagnancy point. A new development of Attractions , Accessibility , Activities , Amenities and Accommodation were necessary to convey installations up to the degree demanded by international tourers. When the transporting capacity was reached, an indispensable component in the touristry take-off was authorities investing in the substructure of touristry zones. Over $ 76 million went into the Puerto Plata part between 1974 and 1982. New hotels and transit webs were built, to acquire electric power and satisfy H2O supply. Infrastructure was one of the chief of import things which had to be developed and when the airdrome in Punta Cana was built, a batch of new different tourers begun to see this country. ( http: //kiskeya-alternative.org/publica/afuller/rd-tourism.html # ecsoc ) Today the Dominion Republic is one of the most visited states and popular for household vacations. This finish fits perfect in Butler s TALC because at first it was an undeveloped topographic point and started to turn, determinations by the policy had to be done for illustration to rejuvenate the topographic point, to allow the country how it is or to allow it worsen. The Dominican authorities decided for greening because of the high potency of this country. With new roads, attractive forces, airdromes and hotels the resort development scheme was successful ( National and regional touristry planning, 1994, p.147 ) . 9. Multiplier consequence In touristry the multiplier consequence is used to exemplify how many times money spent by a tourer circulates through a state s economic system. In other words when a new tourer finish is created, the local economic system benefits as new occupations are being created and tourist bring extra trade to local concerns. The most common illustration is when a new hotel is being built it does non merely make occupations straight in the hotel, but besides indirectly in other sectors of the economic system. The hotel has to purchase nutrient from local husbandmans, who so spend some of this money, for illustration, on domestic disbursals. When tourers spend money for local merchandises the demand for those merchandises additions, which besides increases secondary employment. However the multiplier consequence continues until there is a escape out of the economic system through imports, which is the purchase of goods from other states. The most common illustration would be a Third World state, such as Dominican Republic, much of the money spent by tourer terminal up go forthing the state s economic system via foreign-owned air hoses, hotels, imported drinks and nutrient, etc. A typical epicurean four star hotel would be more likely to import most of its goods and services ; if that means that better quality would be provided which would guarantee better client satisfaction. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //geographyfieldwork.com/TouristMultiplier.htm 10. Decision Models could be helpful to develop a successful touristry finish and understand the different motives of tourers. When the policy changes the supply for illustration to develop an country for bundle touristry, the demand will besides alter. That means that the supply has to run into the demand side when at the descriptive side the object and services altering. Plog s, Cohen s and Doxey s theoretical accounts are descriptive because they merely depict a state of affairs but Butler s theoretical account is descriptive and normative. TALC explains what is go oning in an country and makes diagnose. After this diagnose the job becomes clear and it is easier to do a determination for work outing this job. It is ever necessary to happen out how much potency a topographic point has to do significant development it in the right manner. For this fact touristry theoretical accounts are helpful. 11. Mentions Cooper, C, Fletcher, J, Fyall, A, Gilbert, D and Wanhill, S ( 2008 ) Tourism Principles and Practice ( 4thedn ) , Prentice Hall, Essex Gunn, C.A ( 2002 ) Tourism Planning ( 4th edn ) , Routledge, London Howie, F. ( 2003 a, B ) , Pull offing the Tourist Finish: A Practical Guide ( 1st edn ) , Cengage Learning EMEA Johnson A ; Thomas ( 1992 ) , Choice and Demand in Tourism, Mansell Publishing Limited National and regional touristry planning ( 1994 ) Methodologies and Case Studies ( World Tourism Organization ) ( 1st edn ) , Routledge, London Ryan, C ( 2003 ) , Recreational Tourism and Impacts ( 1st edn ) , Channel View Publications, Clevedon Dominican Republic touristry, Tourism Development in the Dominican Republic: Growth, Costs, Benefits and Choices, avaible from hypertext transfer protocol: //kiskeya-alternative.org/publica/afuller/rd-tourism.html # ecsoc ( accessed on 11.12.2009 )

These Are the Hardest AP Classes and Tests for You

These Are the Hardest AP Classes and Tests for You SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Thinking of signing up for AP classes? Want the greatest possible challenge? Or are you trying to avoid biting off more than you can chew? In this post, we’ll explain what makes an AP class hard, list the hardest AP classes, and help you prepare for them. What AP Passing Rates Tell Us You might think that the best way to tell which AP classes are the hardest is to look at the national data about how many students pass each test each year. We’ll start our discussion here, but beware that the passing rates don’t automatically tell you which classes are hardest. Want to get a perfect 5 on your AP exam and an A in class? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. This a complete list of passing rates on each AP exam with the most recent (2019) data. Exam Name Passing Rate (3+) Studio Art: Drawing 91.1% Spanish Language and Culture 89% Chinese Language and Culture 88.3% Studio Art: 2-D Design 86.4% Calculus BC 81.5% Physics C: Electricity Magnetism 81.1% Seminar 80.7% French Language and Culture 76.7% Research 76.2% Japanese Language and Culture 75% Computer Science Principles 72.7% Spanish Literature 71.9% Physics C: Mechanics 71.1% German Language and Culture 70.5% Studio Art: 3-D Design 70.1% Computer Science A 69.9% Microeconomics 68.4% Gov. and Politics - Comparative 66.2% Biology 64.6% Italian Language and Culture 64.6% Psychology 64.4% Art History 63.9% Physics 2 63.5% Music Theory 63.4% Latin 63.1% Statistics 59.2% European History 58.4% Calculus AB 58.3% Macroeconomics 57.9% World History 56% Gov. and Politics - United States 55.2% English Language and Composition 55.1% Chemistry 54.6% United States History 54.3% English Literature and Composition 50.1% Environmental Science 49.6% Human Geography 49.1% Physics 1 44.6% Source: College Board. For language rates, "Total" includes all students, while "Standard" includes only those students who didn't indicate they speak this language at home or spent more than four weeks studying it abroad. You might be tempted to look at this table and say the tests with the lowest passing rates are hardest, and the ones with the highest passing rates are easiest. After all, if not many students can pass an AP test, doesn’t that mean it’s one of the hardest tests? But when you look at the data, the exams with the highest passing rates (Chinese, Spanish, Calculus BC) are often considered among the hardest. We're not including AP Seminar and the AP Studio Art scores in this assessment, since those grades are all portfolio-based, rather than exam-based. Meanwhile, some of the tests with the lowest passing rates (Human Geography, US Government and Politics, Environmental Science) are often seen as the easiest. So what’s going on here? The truth is, the national passing rates often say more about the students taking the exams rather than the exams themselves. Some of the exams with low passing rates have those low rates because they are often taken in freshman/sophomore year, while some of the exams with high rates have more stringent prerequisites at many high schools. This means that the harder exams tend to have older, better-prepared students taking them, which raises their pass rates. In short, we have to look beyond national passing rates when figuring out which tests are the hardest. A Possibly More Reliable Indicator: 5 Rate Since pass rates don’t actually tell us much, what about the 5 rate? Remember, a 5 is the highest possible AP score (read more about AP scores here). Shouldn’t we be able to find the hardest AP tests by looking at the exams with the lowest 5 rates? Below is a table with all the AP exams, this time ranked by the percentage of test-takers who got a 5. Exam Name 5 Rate Chinese Language and Culture 57.2% Calculus BC 43.2% Japanese Language and Culture 38.2% Physics C: Electricity Magnetism 35.9% Physics C: Mechanics 34.6% Computer Science A 27% Spanish Language and Culture 24.9% Microeconomics 22.2% Gov. and Politics - Comparative 22.2% Studio Art: 2-D Design 21% Music Theory 20.9% Studio Art: Drawing 20.8% Psychology 20.2% Calculus AB 18.9% German Language and Culture 18.4% Macroeconomics 17.6% French Language and Culture 15.5% Statistics 14.5% Computer Science Principles 13.6% Latin 13.1% Gov. and Politics - United States 12.9% Physics 2 12.6% United States History 12.1% Art History 12% Italian Language and Culture 11.8% European History 11.7% Research 10.8% Chemistry 10.7% Human Geography 10.7% English Language and Composition 10.1% Studio Art: 3-D Design 10.1% Environmental Science 9.5% Spanish Literature 9.1% World History 8.7% Biology 7.1% Seminar 6.8% English Literature and Composition 6.2% Physics 1 6.2% Source: College Board. For language rates, "Total" includes all students, while "Standard" includes only those students who didn't indicate they speak this language at home or spent more than four weeks studying it abroad. The 5 rate, in fact, a decent way to spot some difficult exams, including AP English Literature and Biology. They both have very low 5 rates (7.1 for Bio, 6.2 for English Lit). But on the flip side, a relatively easy exam, AP Environmental Science, has a low 5 rate of 9.5%. Furthermore, some decidedly hard exams, like Chinese, Calculus BC, and Physics C, have very high 5 rates- up to 57%+ for Chinese! In other words, just looking at 5 rates doesn’t tell the whole story, though some other articles have assumed that. This is why the best way to find the hardest AP exams is to focus on the ones with the most material to cover- as well as the most conceptually difficult topics, which we will do below. Disclaimer: Take Into Account Your School’s Variation Before we talk about which classes are the hardest, we want to clarify we mean the ones with the most difficult course material and hardest end-of-year exam. There is enormous variation in how the same AP class can be taught at different high schools, so we can't speak to the specific class difficulties at your high school. It may be there is an AP class at your school that is known as the most difficult since the teacher is really tough, even though nationally it might not be considered one of the easiest. Or maybe there is an AP class at your school most students see as a joke, even though the material is still very difficult. Since we can’t report on the specifics at different high schools, we are focusing on which classes have the most/hardest material to cover and have a reputation for difficulty at multiple schools. We’ll discuss below ways to explore how hard AP classes are at your school specifically so you can build an optimal schedule. Any AP class Professor McGonagall teaches would likely be super hard. Okay, Seriously, Which AP Classes Are the Hardest? United States History, Biology, English Literature, Calculus BC, Physics C, and Chemistry are often named as the hardest AP classes and tests. These classes have large curriculums, tough tests, and conceptually difficult material. We put together this list based on personal experience, online chatter, passing rates, 5 rates, and looking at their curricula in depth. We are not ranking these since their difficulty will vary quite a bit based on the student. For example, if you're a math whiz, Calculus BC will likely be easier than AP English Literature. But the opposite could be true for another student. But if you’re considering any of these, be prepared for a tough course! AP US History Even though most students are exposed to American History multiple times, beginning in elementary school, AP US History is still a very tough class. First of all, this is a harder history exam than AP World History or even AP European History, since it covers a narrower span of history and a smaller geographical area, meaning the curriculum is incredibly detailed. This means you can’t rely on general trends and observations like you can sometimes in World History- you have to know specific dates, movements, people, and laws. To take a small example, in a world history class, you might need to know that slavery ended in the United States during the Civil War. For a US history class, you would need to know the dates of the civil war, the exact year of the Emancipation Proclamation, and the dates and content of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. You would also be expected to know about the major leaders and law-makers involved. The more detail you can remember, the better! This is because APUSH is known for having a very difficult multiple-choice section that requires a very detailed knowledge of US History from the pre-Columbian era up to the present day. Also, the more concrete evidence you can include in your free responses, the better essay scores you will get. If you have a knack for history, this class will be easier for you, but most students report it’s very challenging. It’s also likely to be a hard class to pass at many schools because teachers have to assign tons of reading and assignments to get through all the material before the AP test in May. Expect a fast-moving, assignment-heavy course. You can read College Board's full description here. If you think this is a figure from American History, you might want to consider fitting AP US History into your schedule. AP Biology This is a tough class and test, any way you slice it. Even with the redesign back in 2012, which was meant to make AP Biology more accessible and less memorization-heavy, you still have to memorize tons of material for the test, everything from super detailed chemical processes (Krebs Cycle, anyone?) to cell biology to evolution. This means AP Biology teachers have to pack a ton onto their syllabi for this class, including time for experiments. The huge volume of info, coupled with the fact that Biology can be conceptually difficult, makes this a tough AP course. If you have taken a strong prerequisite Intro to Biology course, this test will be more manageable. Check out a full course description here to learn more. AP English Literature Along with AP US History, this is one of the hardest AP courses in the humanities. While AP English Language is also challenging, Literature requires reading texts that are generally more difficult. Compare, say, AP English Literature staple Crime and Punishment to a non-fiction article about the criminal justice system you might read in AP English Language. Crime and Punishment is much more difficult! AP English Literature also tests more specific rhetorical/literary terms and requires you to have a more fine-tuned ability to close read a passage. You’re not just looking for the overall argument or effect like you are in AP English Language. You have to go under the hood and explain in detail how a piece of literature works. Finally, for AP Literature, you have to come prepared to write one of the essays about a book or play you read in class, but you can't actually bring the book or play with you to the exam. This means you have to study what you read in AP Literature very closely. So closely that you could write about a book, and even use quotes from it, without having the book with you! SparkNotes summaries won't cut it. In short, expect a longer and harder reading list, tougher multiple-choice questions, and more accountability for what you read in class. You can read the full College Board description of the test here. AP Chemistry Similar to biology, chemistry has a ton of material, lots of memorization, and requires a solid conceptual understanding of complicated chemical processes. AP Chemistry is known at many high schools for having tons of homework and tough tests- all necessary for students to learn enough to pass the AP exam at the end of the year. Don't attempt AP Chemistry unless you have already taken an introductory chemistry course. It would be impossible to learn everything you need to know about chemistry for the AP exam in just one year. You can read AP’s full course description here. AP Physics C Physics C is especially tough because not only are you learning physics material, which can be hard, you also need to know calculus alongside it. While AP Physics 1 and 2 are algebra-based, both Physics C courses (Electricity Magnetism and Mechanics) are calculus-based, meaning students need to know calculus well enough to apply it in physics. Some consider it â€Å"two classes in one† due to the necessary calculus knowledge. Furthermore, the material tested in Physics C is much more in-depth than Physics 1 or 2 (or the old Physics B). Physics C courses go into a great amount of depth about a few topics, while Physics 1 and 2 cover many topics with less depth. So just as US History is harder than World History, Physics C is tougher than Physics 1 and 2 because you need a greater depth of knowledge. Because of this, you should definitely have a physics prerequisite under your belt before taking Physics C, and you should have either already taken calculus or be taking it at the same time. You can read about Physics C at the course home pages for Electricity and Magnetism and Mechanics. AP Calculus BC Finally, AP Calculus BC is the toughest AP math exam, if not one of the hardest AP exams period. AP Calculus AB is also challenging, but covers less material and moves more slowly. AP Calculus BC often covers everything taught in Calculus AB in just the first semester of school- revealing one reason why it’s so hard: intense pacing. You move fast in Calculus BC, which means you need to be prepared to keep up. There is not a lot of time to be lost in this class. If you struggle with a concept at the beginning of the year, it can make it harder to learn everything after that. In fact, if you find yourself struggling, seek out extra help from the teacher or a tutor as fast as you can so you don't fall behind. In some schools, Calculus BC requires an extra period in the day to fit in all the material before the AP exam. You also get into more conceptually difficult calculus topics than Calculus AB. In short, be prepared to work very hard and be vigilant about keeping up with the course. You can read College Board’s description here. Want to get a perfect 5 on your AP exam and an A in class? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Note on Language AP Exams You may be wondering how hard the AP language tests are- after all, you can take AP tests in languages from Chinese to Spanish to French. The difficulty of these is a bit tougher to quantify, since AP Language exams test multiple years of learning a language, as opposed to one year of material. For students with tons of foreign language knowledge these can be incredibly easy exams. If you’ve lived abroad or are fluent in a language, the AP language test will not pose much of a challenge. (Some students who are native speakers of a language will even take an AP language exam!) But for students who have just been taking a language in school, these exams can be difficult, particularly the listening portions. So if you’re thinking about an AP Language class, think about how many years of past experience you have. For example, if you’ve taken French for four years, you’re probably well-prepared for AP French. But if you’ve only taken it for two years, you will probably struggle. Most schools have pretty stringent prerequisites for AP language classes for this reason. Action Steps If you want to take any of these classes, you need to get info about the class at your school. Although they are all objectively difficult, there can be huge differences in how the classes are taught and graded. Ideally, these classes should be taught by excellent teachers who can not just teach the material clearly, but include plenty of review and AP exam practice. You should also think about your own strengths and weaknesses, and how well a tough AP class will fit into your schedule. Even though all of these AP classes have tough material, the difficulty of the class might vary from school to school. The class itself could be incredibly difficult (lots of assignments, reading, and hard tests)- and you should be prepared for that. However, the class could also be easy (not very many assignments, easy tests), meaning you will have to put in a lot of work on your own to be ready for the AP test. Knowing what the class’s workload is like, and how that prepares you for the exam, is crucial to being prepared once May arrives. If the class is easy and you don't actually learn the material, you could fail the test despite getting good grades in the class. The bottom line here is that you’ll have to work very hard to succeed in any of these classes. But that work could come at the behest of a teacher or from your own willpower. If you don't think you're learning the material well enough in class to pass the test, consider getting a prep book and studying on your own in the second half of the year. Get Info About a Class To get info about an AP class, first talk to your guidance counselor. Ask for the class's syllabus, the class’s passing rate on the AP exam for the last few years, and what other students tend to say about the class. This will give you an idea of how well-taught a class is. Your guidance counselor can also recommend good prerequisite classes and teachers. Next, speak to the teacher if you can, or speak to a teacher you have who teaches the prerequisite class (for example, the Honors Biology teacher if you’re thinking about AP Biology). The teacher can give you a sense of what the workload is like, what they expect of their students, and how much work they expect students to do on their own. Finally, find out what the word of mouth for the class is at your school by talking to older students. Don't rely too much on any one person's opinion, because students can exaggerate, but look for general trends. For example, if everyone says that AP Biology is really hard but they learned a lot and passed the AP exam, that's a sign the class is worth taking. Think About Your Strengths If you tend to do well in a subject, you will likely do well in a corresponding AP class, even if it's one of the hard ones. For example, even though AP Biology is hard, if you’ve done well in previous science classes, have a knack for memorization and critical thinking, you might be better prepared for AP Biology than, say, AP European History, even though that’s not seen as one of the hardest AP classes. On the flipside, if you really struggle with something- like writing or math- you need to be extra careful about taking a tough AP class like AP English Literature or AP Calculus BC. We’re not saying to avoid those classes if you think you might have a hard time. We are saying to be prepared to spend lots of time studying! Think About Your Overall Schedule How well you do in a hard AP class could also depend on your schedule. For example, AP Biology might be more feasible your sophomore or senior year since you won’t be worrying about the ACT/SAT. However, if you take it junior year, you might have a hard time balancing ACT or SAT studying with the AP Biology class. Also consider other classes, your extracurricular commitments, work schedule, and family commitments before signing up for any of these AP classes. You don't want a tough AP class to overload an already busy schedule. Along the same lines, do not feel pressured to overload on AP classes in general. More is not necessarily better, even if there is pressure at your school to take 5 AP classes in one year. It’s better to get two 4s than four 2s! And it's better to take AP classes that are interesting and meaningful to you. What’s Next? Find out about the flipside of this discussion, the easiest AP classes. Also read about how many AP classes you should be taking total. Also studying for the ACT/SAT? Come up with a target ACT or SAT score based on your top schools. When’s the ideal time in your high school career to take the ACT/SAT? Find out here. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Discussion On Non-cargo Claims Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Discussion On Non-cargo Claims - Case Study Example Loading and unloading of cargoes in piers must be fast and efficient. Parties who cause the slow pace of the turn-over of those goods do not contribute to the smooth movement of harbor activities and must be penalized. Imposing the sanctions will be an incentive for shippers, consigners, and other parties to make use of port facilities and equipment with the needed efficiency especially within the context of global modernization. Cargo owners are therefore charged with the duty to see the expeditious and orderly loading and unloading of their merchandise and are liable to pay demurrage for any delay in that connection. The payment of such demurrage may not be imposed only in cases of fortuitous or unforeseen events and force majeure or in instances where the guilty party is the carrier which includes its ship captain or master. (Becerra, Robert J. THE DEMURRAGE DILEMMA. December 24, 2007. ShippingDigest. [internet]). In the case at bar, the guilty party is the master of Flying Dustma n and his accountability to compensate for the damage is solidary with the owner of the ship. Horatio has thus nothing to do with the demurrage. It must be importantly noted that the contract between O and Horatio is one of voyage charter where the legal obligations are the burden of the carrier or the shipowner. These accountabilities cover the men and crew of the vessel including the master or the captain. (Compare and contrast the duties, responsibilities, and liabilities of the charterer towards the shipowner under both time and voyage charter parties. LAW ESSAYS UK. the law essay website. [internet]) The execution of the LOF with SCOPIC appurtenant to the Flying Dustman relating to both salvage contractors Pugwash and Saviour does not have any bearing on the possible controversy because the vessel to be salvaged, Flying Dustman, or O, its owner, evidently failed to provide the initial security required by No. 4 of the SCOPIC CLAUSE of SCOPIC 2007 within two working or office da ys from the time that the said SCOPIC CLAUSE was invoked. (SCOPIC CLAUSE. SCOPIC 2007. [internet]) Under this set of facts, Pugwash and Saviour, may opt or choose not to apply the provisions of the said SCOPIC CLAUSE in its totality and may instead go back to the provisions of any subsisting contract in conjunction with Article 14 of the International Convention on Salvage, 1989 (also herein referred to as Convention for brevity) which defines, delineates and enumerates the terms of a special compensation available to salvors or salvage contractors. (Article 14. Special compensation. Chapter III RIGHTS OF SALVORS. International Convention on Salvage, 1989. Admiralty and Maritime Law Guide. International Conventions. [internet]) The rights of the salvors are clearly outlined in the above-cited Convention. At this juncture, it has to be mentioned that the parties are all citizens or subjects of states parties which are likewise members of the International Maritime Organization. The l atter enacted the Convention. The states parties involved are the United States from where the cargoes came and the United Kingdom because of its territory Monserrat where the goods are to be delivered.

Bilateral Trade in the Economies of Various Countries Essay

Bilateral Trade in the Economies of Various Countries - Essay Example Trade flows from traditional partners is becoming complicated. This means that distance is also an important factor in the bilateral trade. Bilateral trade plays an important role in the economies of various countries. However, a country’s trade with another or others depends on a number of factors. Due to the developments in bilateral trade such as regional integration are major factors (Brun, Carrere and Guillaumont 99). These coupled with the distance between trading partners they impact on bilateral trade. These forces countries to find viable options that help attract trade flow. This study analyses USA’s situation with relation to its traditional trade partners from Europe, Asia, Africa and South America. The countries used in this study were selected on the basis of their GDP, exports volume and traditional trading activities with the USA. As a result, bilateral trade flows’ gravity model is estimated between the USA and its trading partners for the periods 1990 and 2011. The general hypothesis is: The gravity equation is considered probably the most applied empirical trade device for more than a decade now. Its main advantage is that when it is applied to extensive variety factors and goods moving across national and regional borders under varying circumstances, it always produces a good fit (Anderson and Eric 170). This makes it an ideal device for econometric methods of measuring trade. Nonetheless, with the emergence of new economic theory, advancement in international trade, and globalization, a unique empirical application of the model with respect to a country’s GDP and export capability in bilateral trade is required. The Gravity trade model helps in predicting the flows of the bilateral trade and these predictions are with the distance between units in their respective  economic directions as the basis of prediction. The model can be applied in various circumstances to provide an explanation in the flow of commodities on the international scale (Anderson 106).  

donepezil hydrochloride

donepezil hydrochloride Abstract- This article describes the discovery processes of donepezil hydrochloride which is inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Cholinergic hypothesis and other studies proved that deterioration in cognitive functions in Alzheimer disease is due to deficit in cholinergic neurotransmission and target to treat Alzheimer disease is to inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Position emission tomography (PET) study has shown that donepezil distributes in all acetylcholineterase rich brain regions and binds to it. Structure activity relationship (SAR) and quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) has also revealed that donepezil hydrochloride is gives optimum actylcholinesterase inhibition activity than its other analogues. Many methods are available for synthesis of donepezil hydrochloride with their merits and demerits. Keywords- Donepezil hydrochloride, Aricept, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, PET study, indanone derivatives. Abbrevations AD(Alzheimer disease), PET(position emission tomography), QSAR(quantitative structure activity relationship), Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor(AchEI), Aim To study different processes involved in drug discovery of Donepezil hydrochloride. Objectives- The main Objectives of this project are given below To study overall literature review of donepezil hydrochloride . To discuss discovery process involved in discovery of donepezil hydrochloride such as target identification, target validation and lead optimization Introduction- Donepezil hydrochloride is the reversible acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibitor having N-benzylpiperidine and indanone moiety in it (Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 2008). It is referred as E2020 in most of the pharmaceutical literatures. This is the second drug approved by U.S FDA for treatement mild and moderate Alzheimer disease (Stahl Stephen M et al, 2006). It is Patented and marketed in United states of America, some European and Asian countries under the trade name Aricept by Eisai.co.,Ltd (Stahl Stephen M et al, 2006) (Tripathi KD , 2006) (Dale Rang H et al, 2006). Drug Discovery of donepezil- The drug discovery process of donepezil involves various phases as follows Target identification Target validation Lead recognition Lead optimization Target identification Target identification of drug means molecular recognition of site to which it will bind. For many drugs target is protein molecules. Target identification needs information about pathophysiology of disease and identification of particular biochemical steps that leads to therapeutic intervention. Conventional stratergies of target identification are mainly based on pathphysiology of disease. But newer stratergies of target of identification are based on proteonomics and genomics (Rang H PB et al, 2006). About 50-60% of Alzheimer disease patient are of over 65 year age (Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 2006). It is the neurodegenerative disorder with mean duration of 8.5 years between onset of action and death of patient (Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 2006). Symtoms of this disease includes gross and progressive impairement of cognitive functions. The most affected areas in the alzheimers disease are hippocampus and neocortex which are important for mental functions. Pathophysiology of disease consis ts of external deposits of amyloid precursors and intracellular formation of neurofibrillary tangles leads to neuronal synapses loss (Francis Paul T et al, 1999) Beta amyloid is the main component of sensile plaque formed by proteolysis of amyloid precursor proteins. Tangles are abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau proteins and regulated by balance between multiple kinases and phosphates. Hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins carry out sequestration of normal tau and other microtubule associated protein leads to impairment of axonal transport. This tau becomes prone to aggregation into insoluble fibril in tangles (Bartonili Manuala et al, 2003) (Andrisano Vincenza et al, 2003) According to cholinergic hypothesis, deterioration in cognitive functions in Alzheimer disease is due to degeneration of cholinergic neuron into forebrain and consequently decreased cholinergic neurotransmission in cerebral cortex and hippocampus (Francis Paul T et al 1999). Cholinergic neuron synthesizes acetylcholine, which is the acetic acid ester of choline. Acetylcholine is synthesized from the acetic acid and choline with the help of cholineacetylase. After stimuli vesicles discharge acetylcholine at the nerve ending and binds to postsynaptic receptors. Acetylcholine is stored into the synaptic vesicles which are accumulated at the nerve endings, also prevents its hydrolysis. Acetylcholine is hydrolises by acetylcholinesterase into acetic acid and choline(Tripathi KD 2006). Thus in Alzheimer disease cholinergic neurotransmission can be enhanced by inhibiting preventing the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, choline precursor,acetylcholine release facilitators ,M1 and M3 agonists ,Nicotinic agonistics but all these drugs were not effective to improve cognitive function in Alzheimer disease except cholinesterase inhibitors. Cholinesterase drugs have shown significant improvement in cognitive functions of Alzheimer disease. This has proved that cholinestera se inhibition is the main target to improve cognitive functions in Alzheimer disease (Sabbagha Marwan N et al, 2008) (Fisher Abraham et al, 2008). Target validation of donepezil- Target validation is the investigational approach by which potential drug target can be tested and given further reliability. Target validation is pharmaceutical approach in which influence of drug is observed. (Rang H PB et al, 2006). According to cholinergic and other studies acetylcholinesterase inhibition is the main target to improve imrove cogntitive functions in alzheimer disease patient. Okamaru Nobuyuki et al studied invivo binding of donepezil in the brain of alzheimer disease patient. They radiolabled donepezil as [11c-methoxy]-donepezil for position emission tomography imaging. Evaluation of binding and distribution of donepezil performed on mild and moderate Alzheimer disease patients. Normal control group volunteers had neither cognitive function impairements nor cerebrovascular lesions on magnetic resonance. PET study carried out after three months of neuropsychological medical examination. Region of interest analysis was carried for validation of regional distrubution of donepezil. PET images demonstrated that high volume of [11C]-donepezil distributed in all regions of brain like striatum, thalamus, striatum, and neocortex which are rich in acetylcholinesterase. Tissue time curves of [c11] -donipezil shown initial rapid uptake of donepezil in brain followed by gradual clearance in both elderly normal and alzheimer disease patients. Specific distribution volume was calculated from region of interest by metabolite corrected plasma time activity curve. Donezpezil shown linear regression on logan plot analysis in all brain region as shown in figure -1. (Okamura Nobuyuki et al, 2008) (Yanai Kazuhiko et al, 2003) Lead generation A lead compound is a new chemical entity that could potentialy developed into new drug by optimizing its valuable and minimizing side effect. High throught screening is mainly used for lead generation(Rang H P et al, 2006). Many drugs were trialed to improve the cognitive functions in Alzheimer disease like cholinergic agonist such as oxetremorine, choline precursor phosphatidylcholine but that were inffective. Numerous clinical trials carried out on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as physostigmine, this trial shown that this class of drug resulted in improvement of cognitive functions in Alzheimer disease patients. However these clinical trials also proved that physostigmine has poor brain Penetration and thus less active (Muramoto,M et al, 1979). In 1981 summers et.al gave intravenous injection of tacrine to Alzheimer disease patients which were until that time used as antiseptic. These doses of tacrine shown measurable improvement in alzheimer symtoms but tacrine had shown ma ny side effects such as hepatotoxicity( Farlow SI et al, 1992). Later then scientist focused on development of new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Research and development of donepezil started in 1983 in Eisai .co .Ltd. Kawakami et al started to develop nontoxic tacrine derivatives but they failed to develop such tacrine derivative. While random screening scientists observed that N-benzylpiperazine (compound-A) has moderate anticholinesterase activity which was previously being synthesized for antiarterial sclerosis(Kawakami Yoshiyuki et al 2000)). During subsequent screening Kawakami et al used benzylpiperazine as seed compound and synthesized around 700 derivatives. Succeeding this experiment, it was observed that increase in acetylcholinesterase activity by replacing n-benzylpiperazine with N-benzylpiperidine moiety(compound-B). It was also found that slightly increase in activity by replacing ether group with amide group(compound-C) and removal of nitro group from benzamide moeity (compound-D) decreases activity. ((Kawakami Yoshiyuki et al 2 000). From these results Kawakami et al synthesized benzsulfonyl derivative and found that it is a most potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor than benzpiperazine derivative. Benzsulfonyl derivarive showed very selective activity towards acetylcholinesterase but very poor bioavaibility. On the basis of this result they used benzoylsulfonyl derivative as lead compound. In next screening they replaced amide moiety with ketone moiety and maintained activity. Then Kawakami et al synthesized various indanone derivatives among them he found that donepezil has good acetylcholinesterase activity and bioavaibility(Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 1992). STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP OF DONEPEZIL Indananone derivatives were tested on rat for acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity according to method of Ellman et al. donepezil structure is divided into four rings as follows. Part 1- Indanone ring Part 2 -linkage moeity Part 3- piperidine moeity Part4 -benzyl moiety Modification at Indanone moeity If indanone moeity is replaced with ÃŽ ±-tetralone ,1-benzene suberone , 5,6 dimethoxy indene greately decreased activity ,while 25 fold increased activity by introducing methxy group at 5,6 position of indanone moeity .Carbonyl group is important for activity.Introduction of methoxy group at R3 position increase in activity by 20 fold .A methoxy group at R4 position increases activityby 10 fold . also slightly increase in activity on substitution to of methoxy group at para position in the benzoyl group moeity enhanced binding to the active site of acetylcholinesterase enzyme(Camps Pelayo et al, 2008). 2) Modification at linkage moiety- Various bridging group between indanone and piperidine moeity were tested for cholinesterase activity. If both indanone and piperidine rings joined directly then it dicreases activity .Increase in acivity with different bridging group in the following order prophylene >methylene>penthylene> ethylene >butylenes. (Sugimoto Hachiro et al , 1990). (3)Modification at piperidine moeity- Activity is depend on location and no of nitrogen atom .Nitrogen atom at 1-position of benzpiperidine is important for activity since N atom at 4-position of benzpiperidine decreases activity .If piperidine ring is replaced with piperazine moeity .then it dicreases activity(Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 2008). 4)Modification at benzyl moeity- 3-position substituted benzyl derivative showed greater activity among -2,-3,-4, substituted reioisomers .If benzene ring is substituted with electron withdrawing nitrogen group and electron donating methyl group shows similar activity .Replacement of benzyl group with phenylethyl group and 2-napthyl group decreased activity(.Kawakami Yoshiyuki et al, 2000)( Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 1990). Lead development of donepezil Once lead compound is identified then it is optimized and characterized for different aspects such as QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationship), SAR(structure activity relationship),synthesis method . Synthesis of donepezil If any compound shows optimum activity in above lead optimization processes then that compounds enter in further stage of lead optimization process. For physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic, pharmacokidynamic study of lead compound highly purified and large amount of drug is required. Therefore synthesis method for lead compound is important. Sugimoto and co-workers discovered method for synthesis of donezepil with an overall yield of 27.4%. This process involves synthesis of ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ² substituted ketones(compound 11) from 1-indanone by aldol condensation. This unsaturation product is catalytically reduced by Palladium to compound (13) but this method needs subzero temperature (-78%) and very toxic chemicals, such as n- butyl litium.( Tsuchiya Yutaka, 1992). Also many other method have been reported, which are too time consuming or not suitable for large scale production. Stephen discovered efficient synthesis method for donepezil and its analogue. This method involves hydrogenation of pyridine analogues ( compound 7) by using platinum oxide [scheme 2, path A] which is very expensive .If platinum oxide replace with less expensive 5% palladium carbon then it synthesizes compound (8) and compound (11).(US patent 6252081). Chandrashekhar R et al developed economical and efficient method for donepezil synthesis (scheme 2, path ÃŽ ²). In first step they condensed 5,6 dimethoxy -1-indan 1-one [ compound 2] with isonicotinaldehyde compound(3) by modification in standard procedure .By this condensation they formed intermediate compound (6) with 95.8% yield. Afterward he carried out hydrogenation of pyridine ring by using palladium carbon then he observed two main impurities compound (9) and compound (10) due to competitive side reaction of carb onyl ring. In this method they not only maintained different reaction conditions like reaction time, hydrogen pressure, and different solvent but also hydrogenated compound (6) in methanol under hydrogen pressure with 90% yield and 98.5% purity. Final step of donepezil involves benzylation of compound (8). In benzylation nature of solvent and quality benzylbromide plays important role in controlling dibenzyl product ( Elati Chandrashekar R et al, 2006). If acetone, dichloromethane, acetonitril, isopropylether and dichloromethane gives very poor yield. Conclusion- In conclusion donepezil hydrochloride is the novel and efficacious cholinesterase inhibitor than other acetylchlinesterase inhibitors. Cholinergic hypothesis shown that cholinergic degradation is the main reason for Alzheimer isease. By target validation it is also proved that donepezil bind to the acetyl cholinesterase and inhibits it. By the target validation it is also proved that donepezil inhibits cholinesterase mainly into the cortical and other areas where high concentration of cholinesterase is situated Is Donepezil has strongly proved cholinergic hypothesis and Also shown that cholineterse inhibition is the main target for treatement of alzimer disease than acetylcholine agonists and acetylcholine precursor. After different structure replacement and attachment to the lead compound of donepezil it is also proved that donepezil has good specificity and activity than other analogues .QSAR study of donepezil and its analogues also shown that donepezil is strongly binds to cholin esterase than other indanone derivatives. Sugimoto and their co workers also synthesized different pyridine and indanone derivatives they also got good efficacy of the results . For donepezil synthesis different methods have been developed all have some disadvantages and problems regarding hydrogenation step. But chandrashekhar elati et al method has overcome this problems by modifying synthesis methods. Acknowledgement- I thanks to Dr Kevine Devine, Dr Annie Bligh, Dr Dhaya Perumal for their guidance to study drug discovery technology module and prepare project(Dissitation) on donepezil discovery processes.